Rethinking Authenticity of the Holocaust Experience Through Museum Architecture
“This is not a place of memory; this is a place of commemoration."
Abstract
This article discusses the authenticity of the experience of the Holocaust through museum architecture. This issue arose during the writer’s visitor research conducted at European Jewish museums with the aim of examining the effect of the spatial design on Holocaust memory construction. From Aristotle and Plato to Benjamin and Heidegger and with the support of psychoanalytic concepts of Freud, Lacan, and Jung, we acknowledge different theories that approach the experiential and existential dimensions of authenticity; pursuing self-discovery and overcoming experiential challenges are the two central axes that will help us identify the different categories of visitors according to the kind of authenticity they quest for and the cause of its necessity. Moreover, the juxtaposition between the Museum and the actual site, such as a concentration camp, apart from raising questions of veracity and representation- which one provides a “real” account of the past? - posits problems of ethics, appropriation, materiality, narrativity, and empathy and, finally, leads to a salient issue: how different is memory from commemoration and which “locus” represents better each one of them; the Museum or the site? Is such a question legitimate?
References
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Aristotle (1954). Poetics (I. Bywater, Trans.). New York: The Modern Library.
Ashworth, G. (2004). Tourism and the Heritage of Atrocity: Managing the Heritage of South Africa for Entertainment. In T. V. Singh (Ed.), New Horizons in Tourism: Strange Experiences and Stranger Practices (pp. 95–108). Wallingford: Cabi.
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Austin, N.K. (2002). Managing Heritage Attractions: Marketing Challenges at Sensitive Historical Sites. The International Journal of Tourism Research, 4(6), 447–457.
Authentic (n.d.). Merriam Webster. Retrieved October 20, 2017, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/authentic.
Authenticity (n.d.). Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved October 20, 2017, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/authenticity.
Baruch Stier, O. (2015). Holocaust Icons: Symbolizing the Shoah in History and Memory. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
Benjamin, W. (1968). Illuminations. New York: Schocken Books.
Berman, M. (1970). The Politics of Authenticity. London: Gordon Allen and Unwin.
Biran, A., Poria, Y., & Oren, G. (2010). Sought Experiences at (Dark) Heritage Sites. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(3), 820-841.
Bollag, B. (1999). In the Shadow of Auschwitz. Teaching the Holocaust in Poland. American Educator, 23(1), 38-49.
Bolter, D.J., & Grusin, R. (1999). Remediation: Understanding New Media. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Bomba, J. (2016). Memory and Commemoration. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 3, 7-12.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss (2nd ed., vol. 1). New York: Basic Books.
Breathnach, S. B. (1995). Simply Abundance: A Daybook of Comfort and Joy. New York: Warner Books.
Burke, E. (1756). A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (6th ed., Part II, vol. i). London: Dodsley.
Carden-Coyne, A. (2011). The Ethics of Representation in Holocaust Museums. In J.-M. Dreyfuss, & D. Langton (Εds.), Writing the Holocaust (1 ed., vol. 1, pp. 167-256). London: Bloomsbury Academic Publishing.
Celan, P. (1983). Gesammelte Werke in fünf Bänden (vol. 3). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Clementi, F.K. (2013). Holocaust Mothers and Daughters: Family, History, and Trauma. New Jersey: Brandeis University Press.
Clifford, J., Marcus, G.E. (2010). Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Connerton, P. (1989). How Societies Remember. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Culler, J. (1981). Semiotics of Tourism. American Journal of Semiotics 1(1-2), 127-140.
D’ Aloia, A. (2012). Cinematic Empathy: Spectator Involvement in the Film Experience. In D. Reynolds & M. Reason (Eds.), Kinesthetic Empathy in Creative and Cultural Practices (pp. 91-108). Bristol: Intellect.
Dann, G. (1998). The Dark Side of Tourism. Etudes et Rapports, Serie L. Aix-en-Provence: Centre International de Recherches et d’Etudes Touristiques.
Davidovitch, N. (2013). Experiential Holocaust Education- What are the Options? Studia Europaea Gnesnensia 8, 29-53.
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Dekel, I. (2009). Ways of Looking: Observation and Transformation at the Holocaust Memorial. Memory Studies 2(2), 71-86.
De Simine, A.S. (2013). Mediating Memory in the Museum. Trauma, Empathy, Nostalgia. London/New York: Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies.
Des Pres, T. (1988). Holocaust Laughter? In B. Lang (Ed.), Writing and the Holocaust (pp. 216-233). London/ New York: Holmes & Meier.
Duncan, C. (1995). Civilizing Rituals Inside Public Art Museums. London: Routledge.
Duranti, A. (2010). Husserl, Intersubjectivity and Anthropology. Anthropological Theory 10(1), 1-20.
Ellenberger, H. F. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
Engler, Ch. (2016). Authenticity vs Staged Experiences. Retrieved October 20, 2017, from https://themedattraction.com/authenticity-vs-staged-experiences-christian-engler/
Falconer, R. (2005). Hell in Contemporary Literature. Western Descent Narratives since 1945. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Feldman, J. (2008). Above the Death Pits, Beneath the Flag: Youth Voyages to Poland and the Performance of Israeli Identity. New York: Berghahn Books.
Fink, B. (1997). The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Foote, K.E., & Azaryahu, M. (2007). Toward a Geography of Memory: Geographical Dimensions of Public Memory. Journal of Political and Military Sociology 35(1), 125-144.
Freud, S. (1919). Das Unheimliche. In Freud, A. (Ed.), Sigmund Freud: Gesammelte Werke, Band XII: Werke aus den Jahren 1917-1920 (pp. 229- 270). Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer.
Freud, S. (1985). Civilization, Society and Religion: Group Psychology, Civilization and its Discontents and Other Works. (J. Strachey, Trans.). The Pelican Freud Library 12, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 243-340.
Fussell, P. (1975). The Great War and Modern Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gallis, P. (2016). Transnational Memory in Nancy Huston’s Plainsong, Fault Lines and the Mark of the Angel. Retrospectives 5(1), 3-22.
Gilmore, J.H., Pine, B.J., Jr. (2007). Authenticity: What Consumers Really Want. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Golomb, J. (1995). In Search of Authenticity: Existentialism from Kierkegaard to Camus. London/New York: Routledge.
Goodman, N. (1976). Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
Grynberg, D., & Pollatos, O. (2015). Perceiving One’s Body Shapes Empathy. Physiology and Behavior 140, 54-60.
Hall, B. (2016). Psychotherapy’s Pilgrim- Poet: The Story Within. Colorado: University Professors Press.
Handler, R., & Saxton, W. (1988). Dissimulation: Reflexivity, Narrative, and the Quest for Authenticity in “Living History”. Cultural Anthropology 3, 242-260.
Heidegger, M. (1996). Being and Time. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Hornby, A.S. (1995). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Huyssen, A. (1995). Twilight Memories: Marking Time in a Culture of Amnesia. London/New York: Routledge.
Huyssen, A. (2001). Monuments and Holocaust Memory in a Media Age. In M. L. Morgan (Ed.), A Holocaust Reader. Responses to the Nazi Extermination (pp. 359-365). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jentsch, E. (1906). Zur Psychologie des Unheimlichen. Psychiatrisch-Neurologische Wochenschrift 8(22), 195-198.
Johnson, A.A. (2007). Authenticity, Tourism, and Self-discovery in Thailand: Self-creation and the Discerning Gaze of Trekkers and Old Hands. Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 22(2), 153-178.
Jung, C.G. (1968). Analytical Psychology: Its Theory and Practice (The Tavistock Lectures). London: Routledge & K. Paul.
Kansteiner, W. (2002). Finding Meaning in Memory: A Methodological Critique of Collective Memory Studies. History and Theory 41(2), 179-197.
Kant, I. (1986/1790). Philosophical Writings: Critique of Judgment- Analytic of the Sublime. New York: Continuum.
Kaplan, H. (1994). Conscience and Memory. Meditations in a Museum of the Holocaust. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kaufmann, W. (1975). Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre. New York: New American Library.
Kierkegaard, S. (1985). Fear and Trembling. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Kraaijeveld, E. (2016). Paul Celan, Metaphor and Reality. A Phenomenological Perspective on Truth and Correspondence in Celan. (Faculty of Humanities Master Thesis). Utrecht: Utrecht University Repository.
Kwint, M., Breward, Ch., & Ainsley, J. (1999). Material Memories. Design and Evocation. Oxford: Berg.
Landsberg, A. (1995). Prosthetic Memory: Total Recall and Blade Runner. Body & Society 1(3-4), 175-189.
Landsberg, A. (1997). America, the Holocaust and the Mass Culture of Memory: Toward a Radical Politics of Empathy. New German Critique 71, 63-86.
Libeskind, D. (2004). Breaking Ground. An Immigrant's Journey from Poland to Ground Zero. New York: Riverhead Books.
Linenthal, E.T., & Engelhardt, T. (1996). History Wars: The Enola Gay and Other Battles for the American Past. New York: Metropolitan Books.
MacCannell. D. (1989). The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
MacDonald, Sh. (2013). Memorylands. Heritage and Identity in Europe Today. London: Routledge.
Marschall, S. (2013). Collective Memory and Cultural Difference: Official vs. Vernacular Forms of Commemorating the Past. Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies 14(1), 77-92.
McIntosh, A., Prentice, R. (1999). Affirming Authenticity: Consuming Cultural Heritage. Annals of Tourism Research 26, 589–612.
Miles, W. (2002). Auschwitz: Museum Interpretation and Darker Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 29(4), 1175-1178.
Neuman, E. (2014). Shoah Presence: Architectural Representations of the Holocaust. London: Ashgate Publishing.
Nora, P. (1996). Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past (vol. I: Conflicts and Divisions). New York: Columbia University Press.
Olson, R. G. (1962). An Introduction to Existentialism. New York: Dover.
Pine, J. (2014, May 9). Is Authenticity Real? Interview to Guy Raz. Retrieved October 20, 2017, from http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=308754264.
Plank, W. (1981). Sartre and Surrealism. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press.
Plato (1996). The Republic. (B. Jowett,Trans., 3rd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Polzer, N.C. (2014). Durkheim’s Sign Made Flesh: The “Authentic Symbol” in Contemporary Holocaust Pilgrimage. Canadian Journal of Sociology 39(4), 697-718.
Prentice, R., & Anderson, V. (2007). Interpreting Heritage Essentialism: Familiarity and Felt History. Tourism Management 28(3), 661–676.
Ram, Y., Bjork, P., & Weidenfeld, A. (2016). Authenticity and Place Attachment of Major Visitor Attractions. Tourism Management 52, 110-122.
Runia, E. (2007). Burying the Dead, Creating the Past. History and Theory 46, 313-325.
Ryan, C. (2000). Tourist Experiences, Phenomenographic Analysis, Post-Positivism and Neural Network Software. International Journal of Tourism Research 2, 119–131.
Samuels, Cl. (1993). Holocaust Visions: Surrealism and Existentialism in the Poetry of Paul Celan. London: Camden House.
Sartre, J.P. (1956). Being and Nothingness (H. E. Barnes, Trans.). New York: Washington Square Press.
Sartre, J.P. (1964). Nausea (L. Alexander, Trans.). New York: New Directions.
Seaton, A.V. (1996). Guided by the Dark: From Thanatopsis to Thanatourism. International Journal of Heritage Studies 2, 234-244.
Souto, A. (2011). Archiving Berlin’s Past and Renewing the Ruhr Valley. Austausch 1(2), 98-120.
Steiner, C., & Reisinger, Y. (2006). Understanding Existential Authenticity. Annals of Tourism Research 33(2), 299-318.
Taylor, C. (1991). The Ethics of Authenticity. Boston: Harvard University Press.
Todorov, Tz. (1997). Facing the Extreme: Moral Life in the Concentration Camps. New York: Henry Holt and Co.
Tosca, S. (2016). Transmedial Museum Experiences: The Case of Moesgaard. Artnodes 18, 56-63.
Turner, V., & Turner, E. (1978). Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture: Anthropological Perspectives. New York: Columbia University Press.
Urry, J. (2002). The Tourist Gaze (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.
Wang, N. (1999). Rethinking Authenticity in Tourism Experience. Annals of Tourism Research 26(2), 349-370.
Winter, J., & Sivan, E. (1999). War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Withorn, T. (2015). Holocaust Etiquette, Myth, and Metanarrative: Representations of Nazism in Contemporary Comics. (College of Arts and Sciences Senior Honors Theses, Paper 28). Louisville: The University of Louisville.
Young, J. (1994). The Art of Memory. Holocaust Memorials in History. Washington, DC: Prestel.
Young, M. (1999). The Social Construction of Tourist Places. Australian Geographer 30(3), 373-389.
Aristotle (1954). Poetics (I. Bywater, Trans.). New York: The Modern Library.
Ashworth, G. (2004). Tourism and the Heritage of Atrocity: Managing the Heritage of South Africa for Entertainment. In T. V. Singh (Ed.), New Horizons in Tourism: Strange Experiences and Stranger Practices (pp. 95–108). Wallingford: Cabi.
Assmann, A. (2006). Der lange Schatten der Vergangenheit. Erinnerungskultur und Geschichtspolitik. München: C.H. Beck.
Austin, N.K. (2002). Managing Heritage Attractions: Marketing Challenges at Sensitive Historical Sites. The International Journal of Tourism Research, 4(6), 447–457.
Authentic (n.d.). Merriam Webster. Retrieved October 20, 2017, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/authentic.
Authenticity (n.d.). Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved October 20, 2017, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/authenticity.
Baruch Stier, O. (2015). Holocaust Icons: Symbolizing the Shoah in History and Memory. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
Benjamin, W. (1968). Illuminations. New York: Schocken Books.
Berman, M. (1970). The Politics of Authenticity. London: Gordon Allen and Unwin.
Biran, A., Poria, Y., & Oren, G. (2010). Sought Experiences at (Dark) Heritage Sites. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(3), 820-841.
Bollag, B. (1999). In the Shadow of Auschwitz. Teaching the Holocaust in Poland. American Educator, 23(1), 38-49.
Bolter, D.J., & Grusin, R. (1999). Remediation: Understanding New Media. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Bomba, J. (2016). Memory and Commemoration. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 3, 7-12.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss (2nd ed., vol. 1). New York: Basic Books.
Breathnach, S. B. (1995). Simply Abundance: A Daybook of Comfort and Joy. New York: Warner Books.
Burke, E. (1756). A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (6th ed., Part II, vol. i). London: Dodsley.
Carden-Coyne, A. (2011). The Ethics of Representation in Holocaust Museums. In J.-M. Dreyfuss, & D. Langton (Εds.), Writing the Holocaust (1 ed., vol. 1, pp. 167-256). London: Bloomsbury Academic Publishing.
Celan, P. (1983). Gesammelte Werke in fünf Bänden (vol. 3). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Clementi, F.K. (2013). Holocaust Mothers and Daughters: Family, History, and Trauma. New Jersey: Brandeis University Press.
Clifford, J., Marcus, G.E. (2010). Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Connerton, P. (1989). How Societies Remember. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Culler, J. (1981). Semiotics of Tourism. American Journal of Semiotics 1(1-2), 127-140.
D’ Aloia, A. (2012). Cinematic Empathy: Spectator Involvement in the Film Experience. In D. Reynolds & M. Reason (Eds.), Kinesthetic Empathy in Creative and Cultural Practices (pp. 91-108). Bristol: Intellect.
Dann, G. (1998). The Dark Side of Tourism. Etudes et Rapports, Serie L. Aix-en-Provence: Centre International de Recherches et d’Etudes Touristiques.
Davidovitch, N. (2013). Experiential Holocaust Education- What are the Options? Studia Europaea Gnesnensia 8, 29-53.
Davies, M. Snejnmann, C.C.W. (2006). How the Holocaust Looks Now: International Perspectives. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Dekel, I. (2009). Ways of Looking: Observation and Transformation at the Holocaust Memorial. Memory Studies 2(2), 71-86.
De Simine, A.S. (2013). Mediating Memory in the Museum. Trauma, Empathy, Nostalgia. London/New York: Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies.
Des Pres, T. (1988). Holocaust Laughter? In B. Lang (Ed.), Writing and the Holocaust (pp. 216-233). London/ New York: Holmes & Meier.
Duncan, C. (1995). Civilizing Rituals Inside Public Art Museums. London: Routledge.
Duranti, A. (2010). Husserl, Intersubjectivity and Anthropology. Anthropological Theory 10(1), 1-20.
Ellenberger, H. F. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
Engler, Ch. (2016). Authenticity vs Staged Experiences. Retrieved October 20, 2017, from https://themedattraction.com/authenticity-vs-staged-experiences-christian-engler/
Falconer, R. (2005). Hell in Contemporary Literature. Western Descent Narratives since 1945. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Feldman, J. (2008). Above the Death Pits, Beneath the Flag: Youth Voyages to Poland and the Performance of Israeli Identity. New York: Berghahn Books.
Fink, B. (1997). The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Foote, K.E., & Azaryahu, M. (2007). Toward a Geography of Memory: Geographical Dimensions of Public Memory. Journal of Political and Military Sociology 35(1), 125-144.
Freud, S. (1919). Das Unheimliche. In Freud, A. (Ed.), Sigmund Freud: Gesammelte Werke, Band XII: Werke aus den Jahren 1917-1920 (pp. 229- 270). Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer.
Freud, S. (1985). Civilization, Society and Religion: Group Psychology, Civilization and its Discontents and Other Works. (J. Strachey, Trans.). The Pelican Freud Library 12, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 243-340.
Fussell, P. (1975). The Great War and Modern Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gallis, P. (2016). Transnational Memory in Nancy Huston’s Plainsong, Fault Lines and the Mark of the Angel. Retrospectives 5(1), 3-22.
Gilmore, J.H., Pine, B.J., Jr. (2007). Authenticity: What Consumers Really Want. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Golomb, J. (1995). In Search of Authenticity: Existentialism from Kierkegaard to Camus. London/New York: Routledge.
Goodman, N. (1976). Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
Grynberg, D., & Pollatos, O. (2015). Perceiving One’s Body Shapes Empathy. Physiology and Behavior 140, 54-60.
Hall, B. (2016). Psychotherapy’s Pilgrim- Poet: The Story Within. Colorado: University Professors Press.
Handler, R., & Saxton, W. (1988). Dissimulation: Reflexivity, Narrative, and the Quest for Authenticity in “Living History”. Cultural Anthropology 3, 242-260.
Heidegger, M. (1996). Being and Time. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Hornby, A.S. (1995). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Huyssen, A. (1995). Twilight Memories: Marking Time in a Culture of Amnesia. London/New York: Routledge.
Huyssen, A. (2001). Monuments and Holocaust Memory in a Media Age. In M. L. Morgan (Ed.), A Holocaust Reader. Responses to the Nazi Extermination (pp. 359-365). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jentsch, E. (1906). Zur Psychologie des Unheimlichen. Psychiatrisch-Neurologische Wochenschrift 8(22), 195-198.
Johnson, A.A. (2007). Authenticity, Tourism, and Self-discovery in Thailand: Self-creation and the Discerning Gaze of Trekkers and Old Hands. Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 22(2), 153-178.
Jung, C.G. (1968). Analytical Psychology: Its Theory and Practice (The Tavistock Lectures). London: Routledge & K. Paul.
Kansteiner, W. (2002). Finding Meaning in Memory: A Methodological Critique of Collective Memory Studies. History and Theory 41(2), 179-197.
Kant, I. (1986/1790). Philosophical Writings: Critique of Judgment- Analytic of the Sublime. New York: Continuum.
Kaplan, H. (1994). Conscience and Memory. Meditations in a Museum of the Holocaust. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kaufmann, W. (1975). Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre. New York: New American Library.
Kierkegaard, S. (1985). Fear and Trembling. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Kraaijeveld, E. (2016). Paul Celan, Metaphor and Reality. A Phenomenological Perspective on Truth and Correspondence in Celan. (Faculty of Humanities Master Thesis). Utrecht: Utrecht University Repository.
Kwint, M., Breward, Ch., & Ainsley, J. (1999). Material Memories. Design and Evocation. Oxford: Berg.
Landsberg, A. (1995). Prosthetic Memory: Total Recall and Blade Runner. Body & Society 1(3-4), 175-189.
Landsberg, A. (1997). America, the Holocaust and the Mass Culture of Memory: Toward a Radical Politics of Empathy. New German Critique 71, 63-86.
Libeskind, D. (2004). Breaking Ground. An Immigrant's Journey from Poland to Ground Zero. New York: Riverhead Books.
Linenthal, E.T., & Engelhardt, T. (1996). History Wars: The Enola Gay and Other Battles for the American Past. New York: Metropolitan Books.
MacCannell. D. (1989). The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
MacDonald, Sh. (2013). Memorylands. Heritage and Identity in Europe Today. London: Routledge.
Marschall, S. (2013). Collective Memory and Cultural Difference: Official vs. Vernacular Forms of Commemorating the Past. Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies 14(1), 77-92.
McIntosh, A., Prentice, R. (1999). Affirming Authenticity: Consuming Cultural Heritage. Annals of Tourism Research 26, 589–612.
Miles, W. (2002). Auschwitz: Museum Interpretation and Darker Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 29(4), 1175-1178.
Neuman, E. (2014). Shoah Presence: Architectural Representations of the Holocaust. London: Ashgate Publishing.
Nora, P. (1996). Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past (vol. I: Conflicts and Divisions). New York: Columbia University Press.
Olson, R. G. (1962). An Introduction to Existentialism. New York: Dover.
Pine, J. (2014, May 9). Is Authenticity Real? Interview to Guy Raz. Retrieved October 20, 2017, from http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=308754264.
Plank, W. (1981). Sartre and Surrealism. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press.
Plato (1996). The Republic. (B. Jowett,Trans., 3rd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Polzer, N.C. (2014). Durkheim’s Sign Made Flesh: The “Authentic Symbol” in Contemporary Holocaust Pilgrimage. Canadian Journal of Sociology 39(4), 697-718.
Prentice, R., & Anderson, V. (2007). Interpreting Heritage Essentialism: Familiarity and Felt History. Tourism Management 28(3), 661–676.
Ram, Y., Bjork, P., & Weidenfeld, A. (2016). Authenticity and Place Attachment of Major Visitor Attractions. Tourism Management 52, 110-122.
Runia, E. (2007). Burying the Dead, Creating the Past. History and Theory 46, 313-325.
Ryan, C. (2000). Tourist Experiences, Phenomenographic Analysis, Post-Positivism and Neural Network Software. International Journal of Tourism Research 2, 119–131.
Samuels, Cl. (1993). Holocaust Visions: Surrealism and Existentialism in the Poetry of Paul Celan. London: Camden House.
Sartre, J.P. (1956). Being and Nothingness (H. E. Barnes, Trans.). New York: Washington Square Press.
Sartre, J.P. (1964). Nausea (L. Alexander, Trans.). New York: New Directions.
Seaton, A.V. (1996). Guided by the Dark: From Thanatopsis to Thanatourism. International Journal of Heritage Studies 2, 234-244.
Souto, A. (2011). Archiving Berlin’s Past and Renewing the Ruhr Valley. Austausch 1(2), 98-120.
Steiner, C., & Reisinger, Y. (2006). Understanding Existential Authenticity. Annals of Tourism Research 33(2), 299-318.
Taylor, C. (1991). The Ethics of Authenticity. Boston: Harvard University Press.
Todorov, Tz. (1997). Facing the Extreme: Moral Life in the Concentration Camps. New York: Henry Holt and Co.
Tosca, S. (2016). Transmedial Museum Experiences: The Case of Moesgaard. Artnodes 18, 56-63.
Turner, V., & Turner, E. (1978). Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture: Anthropological Perspectives. New York: Columbia University Press.
Urry, J. (2002). The Tourist Gaze (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.
Wang, N. (1999). Rethinking Authenticity in Tourism Experience. Annals of Tourism Research 26(2), 349-370.
Winter, J., & Sivan, E. (1999). War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Withorn, T. (2015). Holocaust Etiquette, Myth, and Metanarrative: Representations of Nazism in Contemporary Comics. (College of Arts and Sciences Senior Honors Theses, Paper 28). Louisville: The University of Louisville.
Young, J. (1994). The Art of Memory. Holocaust Memorials in History. Washington, DC: Prestel.
Young, M. (1999). The Social Construction of Tourist Places. Australian Geographer 30(3), 373-389.
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Published
2018-06-30
How to Cite
Tsiftsi, X. (2018). Rethinking Authenticity of the Holocaust Experience Through Museum Architecture: “This is not a place of memory; this is a place of commemoration.". Journal of Narrative and Language Studies, 6(10), 17–36. Retrieved from http://nalans.com/index.php/nalans/article/view/104
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Narrative and Authenticity
