Grassroots environmentalism and Collective solidarity: Reading I Am Farmer: Growing an Environmental Movement in Cameroon as a sustainable narrative
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59045/nalans.2026.104Keywords:
Grassroots environmentalism, environmental conservation, collective solidarity, sustainability, graphic narrativeAbstract
Grassroots environmentalism refers to activity aimed at urging multinational corporations, political institutions, and international entities to adopt environmentally sustainable practices in response to existential challenges posed by climate change, anthropocentrism, and capitalism. While in the Global North, grassroots environmentalism is more into conservation-focused areas, zero carbon emissions, degrowth, and related developmental issues, environmentalism in the Global South is about resisting climate coloniality and neocolonial and extractive practices and engaging in militant, radical, and insurgent activities to combat environmental injustice, toxicity, land grabbing, unsustainable ways of industrial expansion, health hazards and silencing of Indigenous and marginalised voices. Considering the activist aspects of Global South’s environmentalism, this study revisits and recognises the activism of Dieudonne Tantoh Nforba, commonly referred to as Farmer Tantoh, a Cameroonian environmentalist and founder of an organisation, through an analysis of the graphic narrative I Am Farmer: Growing an Environmental Movement in Cameroon (henceforth, I Am Farmer), authored by Baptiste Paul and Miranda Paul, and illustrated by Elizabeth Zunon, published in 2019. The article focuses on environmental activism by people from Africa and how their stories are featured in several graphic narratives and accordingly examines how such narrative representations champion the necessity of collective solidarity and sustainable ethics as essential attributes for an improved future.
References
Agbor, A. M., & Naidoo, S. (2011). Knowledge and practice of traditional healers in oral health in the Bui Division, Cameroon. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 7(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-7-6
Behrens, K. G. (2014). An African Relational Environmentalism and Moral Considerability. Environmental Ethics, 36(1), 63-82. https://doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics20143615
Bello, W. (2007). The Environmental Movement in the Global South. Transnational Institute, October 12. https://www.tni.org/en/article/the-environmental-movement-in-the-global-south
Bergthaller H., Emmett R., Johns-Putra A., Kneitz A., Lidström S., McCorristine S., Pérez Ramos I., Phillips D., Rigby K., & Robin L. (2014). Mapping common ground: Ecocriticism, environmental history, and the environmental humanities. Environmental Humanities, 5(1), 261–276. https://doi.org/10.1215/22011919-3615505
Bootrach, P., Thiengkamol, N., & Thiengkamol, T. K. (2015). Environmental Education Strategy. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 14(4), 200–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/1533015X.2015.1096223
Bujo, B. (1998). The ethical dimension of community. Paulines Publications.
Capaldi, C. A., Dopko, R. L., & Zelenski, J. M. (2014). The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 92737. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00976
Chan, K. M., Balvanera, P., Benessaiah, K., Chapman, M., Díaz, S., Gómez-Baggethun, E., ... & Turner, N. (2016). Why protect nature? Rethinking values and the environment. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 113(6), 1462-1465. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1525002113
Chapin, F. S., Sommerkorn, M., Robards, M. D., & Hillmer-Pegram, K. (2015). Ecosystem stewardship: A resilience framework for arctic conservation. Global Environmental Change, 34, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GLOENVCHA.2015.07.003
Chaplain, J., (she/her). (2024). Storytelling and worldmaking climate justice futures: Indigenous climate advocacy and transnational solidarity in UN climate conferences. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 110(3), 370–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335630.2024.2315043
Charles, C., Keenleyside, K., Chapple, R., Kilburn, B., van der Leest, P. S., & Allen, D. 2018. Home to Us All: How Connecting with Nature Helps Us Care for Ourselves and the Earth. Children and Nature Network.
Chawla, L. (2020). Childhood Nature Connection and Constructive Hope: A review of research on connecting with nature and coping with environmental loss. People and nature, 2(3), 619-642. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10128
Chemhuru, M. (2019). Interpreting Ecofeminist Environmentalism in African Communitarian Philosophy and Ubuntu: An Alternative to Anthropocentrism. Philosophical Papers, 48(2), 241–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/05568641.2018.1450643
Curnow, J., & Jurow, A. S. (2021). Learning in and for collective action. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 30(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508406.2021.1880189
Dingana, R. (2025). Farmer Tantoh Wins Prestigious Award For Championing Water Resource Management. Dray Infos, May 2. https://www.drayinfos.com/2025/05/farmer-tantoh-wins-prestigious-award_17.html
Escobar, A., (2000). Beyond the search for a paradigm? Post-development and beyond. Development 43 (4), 11–14. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1110188.
Ferguson, C. (2015). This is our land: Grassroots environmentalism in the late twentieth century. Rutgers University Press.
Folchi, M. (2019). Environmentalism of the Poor: Environmental Conflicts and Environmental Justice. In L. E. Delgado & V. H. Marín (Eds.), Social-ecological Systems of Latin America: Complexities and Challenges (pp. 95-115). Springer Nature.
Goldman Environmental Foundation. 2021. How Grassroots Environmental Activism Has Changed the Course of History. Goldman Environmental Foundation, September 1. https://www.goldmanprize.org/blog/grassroots-environmental-activism/
Goldman Environmental Foundation. 2024. How Grassroots Activists Are Fighting for Environmental Justice in the United States. Goldman Environmental Foundation, November 11. https://www.goldmanprize.org/blog/how-grassroots-activists-are-fighting-for-environmental-justice-in-the-united-states/
Gough, N., & Gough, A. (2010). Environmental education. In C. Kridel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of curriculum studies (Vol. 1, pp. 339–343). Sage Publications.
Heiman, M. K. (1996). Race, waste, and class: New perspectives on environmental justice. Antipode, 28(2), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1996.tb00517.x
Ives, C. D., Abson, D. J., Von Wehrden, H., Dorninger, C., Klaniecki, K., & Fischer, J. (2018). Reconnecting with nature for sustainability. Sustainability science, 13(5), 1389-1397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0542-9
Karmakar, G. (2025). Transformative learning with Wangari Maathai: fostering environmental education and sustainability through the green picturebook seeds of change: planting a path to peace. Journal of Human Values, 31(1), 97-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/09716858241263129
Karmakar, G., & Pal, P. (2025). Decoloniality, solidarity, and indigenous ecology: reading Nemonte Nenquimo’s We Will Not Be Saved as hope in the Anthropocene. Journal for Cultural Research, 29(3), 398–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/14797585.2025.2506048
Kelbessa, W. (2018). Environmental philosophy in African traditions of thought. Environmental Ethics, 40(4), 309-323. https://doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics201840431
Kelbessa, W. (2022). African Environmental Philosophy, Injustice, and Policy. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. https://gjia.georgetown.edu/society-culture/african-environmental-philosophy-environmental-injustice-and-policy%ef%bf%bc/
Lodhi, S., and Naseem, I. (2012). The implication of indigenous knowledge management. IScience series data report, 4 (9), 83–92.
Mackay, C. M., Cristoffanini, F., Wright, J. D., Neufeld, S. D., Ogawa, H. F., & Schmitt, M. T. (2021). Connection to nature and environmental activism: Politicized environmental identity mediates a relationship between identification with nature and observed environmental activist behaviour. Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology, 2, 100009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cresp.2021.100009
Marsh, J. (2023). Why Grassroots Organisations Are Essential for Sustainability. Earth.Org Ltd, July 17. https://earth.org/why-grassroots-organisations-are-essential-for-sustainability/
Martinez-Alier, J. (2014). The environmentalism of the poor. Geoforum, 54, 239-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.04.019
Mawere, M. (2015). Indigenous knowledge and public education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Africa spectrum, 50 (2), 57–71.
Mokgobi M. G. (2014). Understanding traditional African healing. African journal for physical health education, recreation, and dance, 20(Suppl 2), 24–34.
Murove, M. F. (2004). An African commitment to ecological conservation: The Shona concepts of Ukama and Ubuntu. Mankind Quarterly, 45(2), 195–215. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.46469/mq.2004.45.2.3
Muthukrishnan, R. (2019). Using Picture Books to Enhance Ecoliteracy of First-Grade Students. International Journal of Early Childhood Environmental Education, 6(2), 19-41.
Oziewicz, M. (2023). What is climate literacy?. Climate Literacy in Education, 1(1), 34-38. https://doi.org/10.24926/cle.v1i1.5240.
Paul, B., & Paul, M. (2019). I am farmer: Growing an environmental movement in Cameroon. Millbrook Press.
Rousell, D., & Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, A. (2020). A systematic review of climate change education: Giving children and young people a ‘voice’ and a ‘hand’ in redressing climate change. Children’s Geographies, 18(2), 191-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2019.1614532
Snow, D. A., & Soule, S. A. (2010). A primer on social movements. WW Norton.
Snyder, M., & Omoto, A. M. (2007). Social action. In A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 940–961). The Guilford Press.
Somerville, M., & Williams, C. (2015). Sustainability education in early childhood: An updated review of research in the field. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 16(2), 102–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463949115585658
Staggenborg, S. (2020). Grassroots environmentalism. Cambridge University Press.
Staggenborg, S. (2022). Studying a Movement Up Close: Grassroots Environmentalism. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 27(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.17813/1086-671X-27-1-1
Swemmer, S. (2024). An ubuntu approach to the realisation of animal rights under the South African Constitution. South African Journal on Human Rights, 40(3–4), 226–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/02587203.2025.2466617
Tangwa, G. B. (2004). Some African Reflections on Biomedical and Environmental Ethics. In Kwasi Wiredu (Ed.), A Companion to African Philosophy, pp. 387-395. Blackwell publishing.
Tilly, C., & Goodin, R. E. (2006). It depends. In R. E. Goodin & C. Tilly (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of contextual analysis (pp. 3–32). Oxford University Press.
Turner, J. C., & Reynolds, K. J. (2012). Self-categorization theory. Handbook of theories of social psychology, 2, 399-417.
Wilson, K. (2003). Therapeutic landscapes and First Nations peoples: an exploration of culture, health and place. Health & place, 9(2), 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1353-8292(02)00016-3
World Health Organization. (1976). African Traditional Medicine: African Technical Report Series No 1. Congo Brazaville: WHO Regional Office for Africa.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Narrative and Language Studies

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

